Heating smokeable material

ABSTRACT

An apparatus comprising a heater configured to heat smokeable material to volatilize at least one component of the smokeable material, wherein the heater is elongate and comprises a plurality of independently controllable heating regions arranged sequentially along a longitudinal axis of the heater.

PRIORITY CLAIM

This application is a continuation application of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 14/127,144, filed Mar. 31, 2014, which is aNational Stage Entry of and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §§ 365 and371 to PCT Application Serial No. PCT/EP2012/066524, filed Aug. 24, 2012and entitled “Heating Smokeable Material” which in turn claims priorityto Russian Application Serial No. 2011136 869, filed Sep. 6, 2011, andentitled “Heating Smokeable Material” and to British Application SerialNo. 1207054.6, filed Apr. 23, 2012, and entitled “Heating Smokeablematerial.” The entire contents of the aforementioned applications areherein expressly incorporated by reference.

FIELD

The disclosure relates to heating smokeable material.

BACKGROUND

Smoking articles such as cigarettes and cigars burn tobacco during useto create tobacco smoke. Attempts have been made to provide alternativesto these smoking articles by creating products which release compoundswithout creating tobacco smoke. Examples of such products are so-calledheat-not-burn products which release compounds by heating, but notburning, tobacco.

SUMMARY

According to the disclosure, there is provided an apparatus comprising aheater configured to heat smokeable material to volatilize at least onecomponent of the smokeable material, wherein the heater is elongate andcomprises a plurality of independently controllable heating regionsarranged sequentially along a longitudinal axis of the heater.

A length of each heating region may be less than a length of the heater.

Each heating region may comprise a longitudinal heating element having alength which is less than a length of the heater.

The heating regions may be arranged in end-to-end relationship along thelongitudinal axis of the heater.

The heater may comprise a longitudinal surface which extends over theplurality of heating regions.

The heater may be configured to heat smokeable material located aroundan outside of the longitudinal surface of the heater.

Each heating region may comprise a disk-shaped section of heater.

The heater may be arranged along a longitudinal axis of the apparatusand smokeable material may be located co-axially outwardly of alongitudinal surface of the heater.

The smokeable material may comprise a substantially tubular body ofsmokeable material.

The heater may be configured to heat smokeable material located inside alongitudinal surface of the heater.

Each heating region may comprise a ring-shaped section of heater.

The heater may be arranged along a longitudinal axis of the apparatusand smokeable material may be located co-axially inwardly of alongitudinal surface of the heater.

The heater may comprise an embossed exterior surface configured to heatsmokeable material.

The heater may be substantially cylindrical in shape.

Each heating region may comprise a substantially cylindrical section ofthe heater.

The heater may be configured to heat the smokeable material to atemperature in a range of approximately 100° C. to 250° C., such astemperature in a range of approximately 150° C. to approximately 250° C.

Each heating region may be arranged to heat a different section of thesmokeable material.

The apparatus may comprise a controller configured to activate theheating regions sequentially over a period of time.

The controller may be configured to activate each heating region inresponse to a puff.

The heater may be a substantially ceramics heater responsive toelectrical energy to emit thermal energy.

The apparatus may be configured to heat the smokeable material withoutcombusting the smokeable material.

According to the disclosure, there is provided a heater configured toheat smokeable material to volatilize at least one component of thesmokeable material, wherein the heater comprises a plurality ofindependently controllable heating regions arranged sequentially along alongitudinal axis of the heater.

According to an aspect of the disclosure, there is provided an apparatusconfigured to heat smokeable material to volatilize at least onecomponent of the smokeable material, comprising an infra-red heater.

The infra-red heater may comprise a halogen infra-red heater.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

For exemplary purposes only, embodiments of the disclosure are describedbelow with reference to the accompanying figures in which:

FIG. 1 is a perspective, partially cut-away illustration of an apparatusconfigured to heat smokeable material to release aromatic compoundsand/or nicotine from the smokeable material.

FIG. 2 is a perspective, partially cut-away illustration of an apparatusconfigured to heat smokeable material, in which the smokeable materialis provided around an elongate ceramic heater divided into radialheating sections.

FIG. 3 is an exploded, partially cut-away view of an apparatusconfigured to heat smokeable material, in which the smokeable materialis provided around an elongate ceramic heater divided into radialheating sections.

FIG. 4 is a perspective, partially cut-away illustration of an apparatusconfigured to heat smokeable material, in which the smokeable materialis provided around an elongate infra-red heater.

FIG. 5 is an exploded, partially cut-away illustration of an apparatusconfigured to heat smokeable material, in which the smokeable materialis provided around an elongate infra-red heater.

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of part of an apparatus configured toheat smokeable material, in which the smokeable material is providedaround a plurality of longitudinal, elongate heating sections spacedaround a central longitudinal axis.

FIG. 7 is a perspective illustration of part of an apparatus configuredto heat smokeable material, in which the regions of smokeable materialare provided between pairs of upstanding heating plates.

FIG. 8 is a perspective illustration of the apparatus shown in FIG. 7,in which an external housing is additionally illustrated.

FIG. 9 is an exploded view of part of an apparatus configured to heatsmokeable material, in which the regions of smokeable material areprovided between pairs of upstanding heating plates.

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram showing a method of activating heating regionsand opening and closing heating chamber valves during puffing.

FIG. 11 is a schematic illustration of a gaseous flow through anapparatus configured to heat smokeable material.

FIG. 12 is a graphical illustration of a heating pattern which can beused to heat smokeable material using a heater.

FIG. 13 is a schematic illustration of a smokeable material compressorconfigured to compress smokeable material during heating.

FIG. 14 is a schematic illustration of a smokeable material expanderconfigured to expand smokeable material during puffing.

FIG. 15 is a flow diagram showing a method of compressing smokeablematerial during heating and expanding the smokeable material forpuffing.

FIG. 16 is a schematic, cross-sectional illustration of a section ofvacuum insulation configured to insulate heated smokeable material fromheat loss.

FIG. 17 is another schematic, cross-sectional illustration of a sectionof vacuum insulation configured to insulate heated smokeable materialfrom heat loss.

FIG. 18 is a schematic, cross-sectional illustration of a heat resistivethermal bridge which follows an indirect path from a higher temperatureinsulation wall to a lower temperature insulation wall.

FIG. 19 is a schematic, cross-sectional illustration of a heat shieldand a heat-transparent window which are movable relative to a body ofsmokeable material to selectively allow thermal energy to be transmittedto different sections of the smokeable material through the window.

FIG. 20 is schematic, cross sectional illustration of part of anapparatus configured to heat smokeable material, in which a heatingchamber is hermetically sealable by check valves.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As used herein, the term ‘smokeable material’ includes any material thatprovides volatilized components upon heating and includes anytobacco-containing material and may, for example, include one or more oftobacco, tobacco derivatives, expanded tobacco, reconstituted tobacco ortobacco substitutes.

An apparatus 1 for heating smokeable material comprises an energy source2, a heater 3 and a heating chamber 4. The energy source 2 may comprisea battery such as a Li-ion battery, Ni battery, Alkaline battery and/orthe like, and is electrically coupled to the heater 3 to supplyelectrical energy to the heater 3 when required. The heating chamber 4is configured to receive smokeable material 5 so that the smokeablematerial 5 can be heated in the heating chamber 4. For example, theheating chamber 4 may be located adjacent to the heater 3 so thatthermal energy from the heater 3 heats the smokeable material 5 thereinto volatilize aromatic compounds and nicotine in the smokeable material5 without burning the smokeable material 5. A mouthpiece 6 is providedthrough which a user of the apparatus 1 can inhale the volatilizedcompounds during use of the apparatus 1. The smokeable material 5 maycomprise a tobacco blend.

As shown in FIG. 1, the heater 3 may comprise a substantiallycylindrical, elongate heater 3 and the heating chamber 4 is locatedaround a circumferential, longitudinal surface of the heater 3. Theheating chamber 4 and smokeable material 5 therefore comprise co-axiallayers around the heater 3. However, as will be evident from thediscussion below, other shapes and configurations of the heater 3 andheating chamber 4 can alternatively be used.

A housing 7 may contain components of the apparatus 1 such as the energysource 2 and heater 3. As shown in FIG. 1, the housing 7 may comprise anapproximately cylindrical tube with the energy source 2 located towardsits first end 8 and the heater 3 and heating chamber 4 located towardsits opposite, second end 9. The energy source 2 and heater 3 extendalong the longitudinal axis of the housing 7. For example, as shown inFIG. 1, the energy source 2 and heater 3 can be aligned along thecentral longitudinal axis of the housing 7 in an end-to-end arrangementso that an end face of the energy source 2 faces an end face of theheater 3. The length of the housing 7 may be approximately 130 mm, thelength of energy source may be approximately 59 mm, and the length ofthe heater 3 and heating region 4 may be approximately 50 mm. Thediameter of the housing 7 may be between approximately 15 mm andapproximately 18 mm. For example, the diameter of the housing's firstend 8 may be 18 mm whilst the diameter of the mouthpiece 6 at thehousing's second end 9 may be 15 mm. The diameter of the heater 3 may bebetween approximately 2.0 mm and approximately 6.0 mm. The diameter ofthe heater 3 may, for example, be between approximately 4.0 mm andapproximately 4.5 mm or between approximately 2.0 mm and approximately3.0 mm. Heater diameters outside these ranges may alternatively be used.The depth of the heating chamber 4 may be approximately 5 mm and theheating chamber 4 may have an exterior diameter of approximately 10 mmat its outwardly-facing surface. The diameter of the energy source 2 maybe between approximately 14.0 mm and approximately 15.0 mm, such as 14.6mm.

Heat insulation may be provided between the energy source 2 and theheater 3 to prevent direct transfer of heat from one to the other. Themouthpiece 6 can be located at the second end 9 of the housing 7,adjacent the heating chamber 4 and smokeable material 5. The housing 7is suitable for being gripped by a user during use of the apparatus 1 sothat the user can inhale volatilized smokeable material compounds fromthe mouthpiece 6 of the apparatus 1.

Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, the heater 3 may comprise a ceramics heater3. The ceramics heater 3 may, for example, comprise base ceramics ofalumina and/or silicon nitride which are laminated and sintered.Alternatively, referring to FIGS. 4 and 5, the heater 3 may comprise aninfra-red (IR) heater 3 such as a halogen-IR lamp 3. The IR heater 3 mayhave a low mass and therefore its use can help to reduce the overallmass of the apparatus 1. For example, the mass of the IR heater may be20% to 30% less than the mass of a ceramics heater 3 having anequivalent heating power output. The IR heater 3 also has low thermalinertia and therefore is able to heat the smokeable material 5 veryrapidly in response to an activation stimulus. The IR heater 3 may beconfigured to emit IR electromagnetic radiation of between approximately700 nm and 4.5 μm in wavelength.

As indicated above and shown in FIG. 1, the heater 3 may be located in acentral region of the housing 7 and the heating chamber 4 and smokeablematerial 5 may be located around the longitudinal surface of the heater3. In this arrangement, thermal energy emitted by the heater 3 travelsin a radial direction outwards from the longitudinal surface of theheater 3 into the heating chamber 4 and the smokeable material 5.

The heater 3 may optionally comprise a plurality of individual heatingregions 10. The heating regions 10 may be operable independently of oneanother so that different regions 10 can be activated at different timesto heat the smokeable material 5. The heating regions 10 may be arrangedin the heater 3 in any geometric arrangement. However, in the examplesshown in the figures, the heating regions 10 are geometrically arrangedin the heater 3 so that different ones of the heating regions 10 arearranged to predominately and independently heat different regions ofthe smokeable material 5.

For example, referring to FIG. 2, the heater 3 may comprise a pluralityof axially aligned heating regions 10. The regions 10 may each comprisean individual element of the heater 3. The heating regions 10 may, forexample, all be aligned with each other along a longitudinal axis of theheater 3, thus providing a plurality of independent heating zones alongthe length of the heater 3. Each heating region 10 may comprise aheating cylinder 10 having a finite length which is significantly lessthan the length of the heater 3 as a whole. The arrangement and featuresof the cylinders 10 are discussed below in terms of heating disks, whereeach disk has a depth which is equivalent to cylinder length. Theheating disks 10 are arranged with their radial surfaces facing oneanother along the length of the heater 3. The radial surfaces of eachdisk 10 may touch the radial surfaces of its neighboring disks 10.Alternatively, a heat insulating or heat reflecting layer may be presentbetween the radial surfaces of the disks 10 so that thermal energyemitted from each one of the disks 10 does not substantially heat theneighboring disks 10 and instead travels predominately outwards from thecircumferential surface of the disk 10 into the heating chamber 4 andsmokeable material 5. Each disk 10 may have substantially the samedimensions as the other disks 10.

In this way, when a particular one of the heating regions 10 isactivated, it supplies thermal energy to the smokeable material 5located radially around the heating region 10 without substantiallyheating the remainder of the smokeable material 5. For example,referring to FIG. 2, the heated region of smokeable material 5 maycomprise a ring of smokeable material 5 located around the heating disk10 which has been activated. The smokeable material 5 can therefore beheated in independent sections, for example rings, where each sectioncorresponds to smokeable material 5 located directly around a particularone of the heating regions 10 and has a mass and volume which issignificantly less than the body of smokeable material 5 as a whole.

Additionally or alternatively, referring to FIG. 6, the heater 3 maycomprise a plurality of elongate, longitudinally extending heatingregions 10 positioned at different locations around the centrallongitudinal axis of the heater 3. Although shown as being of differentlengths in FIG. 6, the longitudinally extending heating regions 10 maybe of substantially the same length so that each extends alongsubstantially the whole length of the heater 3. Each heating region 10may comprise, for example, an individual IR heating element 10 such asan IR heating filament 10. Optionally, a body of heat insulation or heatreflective material may be provided along the central longitudinal axisof the heater 3 so that thermal energy emitted by each heating region 10travels predominately outwards from the heater 3 into the heatingchamber 4 and thus heats the smokeable material 5. The distance betweenthe central longitudinal axis of the heater 3 and each of the heatingregions 10 may be substantially equal. The heating regions 10 mayoptionally be contained in a substantially infra-red and/or heattransparent tube, or other housing, which forms a longitudinal surfaceof the heater 3. The heating regions 10 may be fixed in positionrelative to the other heating regions 10 inside the tube.

In this way, when a particular one of the heating regions 10 isactivated, it supplies thermal energy to the smokeable material 5located adjacent to the heating region 10 without substantially heatingthe remainder of the smokeable material 5. The heated section ofsmokeable material 5 may comprise a longitudinal section of smokeablematerial 5 which lies parallel and directly adjacent to the longitudinalheating region 10. Therefore, as with the previous example, thesmokeable material 5 can be heated in independent sections.

As will be described further below, the heating regions 10 can each beindividually and selectively activated.

The smokeable material 5 may be comprised in a cartridge 11 which can beinserted into the heating chamber 4. For example, as shown in FIG. 1,the cartridge 11 can comprise a smokeable material tube 11 which can beinserted around the heater 3 so that the internal surface of thesmokeable material tube 11 faces the longitudinal surface of the heater3. The smokeable material tube 11 may be hollow. The diameter of thehollow center of the tube 11 may be substantially equal to, or slightlylarger than, the diameter of the heater 3 so that the tube 11 is a closefit around the heater 3. The length of the cartridge 11 may beapproximately equal to the length of the heater 3 so that the heater 3can heat the cartridge 11 along its whole length.

The housing 7 of the apparatus 1 may comprise an opening through whichthe cartridge 11 can be inserted into the heating chamber 4. The openingmay, for example, comprise a ring-shaped opening located at thehousing's second end 9 so that the cartridge 11 can be slid into theopening and pushed directly into the heating chamber 4. The opening ispreferably closed during use of the apparatus 1 to heat the smokeablematerial 5. Alternatively, a section of the housing 7 at the second end9 is removable from the apparatus 1 so that the smokeable material 5 canbe inserted into the heating chamber 4. An example of this is shown inFIG. 9. The apparatus 1 may optionally be equipped with a user-operablesmokeable material ejection unit, such as an internal mechanismconfigured to slide used smokeable material 5 off and/or away from theheater 3. The used smokeable material 5 may, for example, be pushed backthrough the opening in the housing 7. A new cartridge 11 can then beinserted as required.

In an alternative configuration of heater 3, the heater 3 comprises aspirally shaped heater 3. The spirally shaped heater 3 may be configuredto screw into the smokeable material cartridge 11 and may compriseadjacent, axially-aligned heating regions 10 so as to operate insubstantially the same manner as described the linear, elongate heater 3described above.

In an alternative configuration of heater 3 and heating chamber 4, theheater 3 comprises a substantially elongate tube, which may becylindrical, and the heating chamber 4 is located inside the tube 3rather than around the heater's outside. The heater 3 may comprise aplurality of axially-aligned heating sections, which may each comprise aheating ring configured to heat smokeable material 5 located radiallyinwardly from the ring. In this way, the heater 3 is configured toindependently heat separate sections of smokeable material 5 in theheating chamber 4 in a manner similar to the heater 3 described above inrelation to FIG. 2. The heat is applied radially inwardly to thesmokeable material 5, rather than radially outwardly as previouslydescribed.

Alternatively, referring to FIGS. 7, 8 and 9, a different geometricalconfiguration of heater 3 and smokeable material 5 can be used. Moreparticularly, the heater 3 can comprise a plurality of heating regions10 which extend directly into an elongate heating chamber 4 which isdivided into sections by the heating regions 10. During use, the heatingregions 10 extend directly into an elongate smokeable material cartridge11 or other substantially solid body of smokeable material 5. Thesmokeable material 5 in the heating chamber 4 is thereby divided intodiscrete sections separated from each other by the spaced-apart heatingregions 10. The heater 3, heating chamber 4 and smokeable material 5 mayextend together along a central, longitudinal axis of the housing 7. Asshown in FIGS. 7 and 9, the heating regions 10 may each comprise aprojection 10, such as an upstanding heating plate 10, which extendsinto the body of smokeable material 5. The projections 10 are discussedbelow in the context of heating plates 10. The principal plane of theheating plates 10 may be substantially perpendicular to the principallongitudinal axis of the body of smokeable material 5 and heatingchamber 4 and/or housing 7. The heating plates 10 may be parallel to oneanother, as shown in FIGS. 7 and 9. Each section of smokeable material 5is bounded by a main heating surface of a pair of heating plates 10located either side of the smokeable material section, so thatactivation of one or both of the heating plates 10 will cause thermalenergy to be transferred directly into the smokeable material 5. Theheating surfaces may be embossed to increase the surface area of theheating plate 10 against the smokeable material 5. Optionally, eachheating plate 10 may comprise a thermally reflective layer which dividesthe plate 10 into two halves along its principal plane. Each half of theplate 10 can thus constitute a separate heating region 10 and may beindependently activated to heat only the section of smokeable material 5which lies directly against that half of the plate 10, rather than thesmokeable material 5 on both sides of the plate 10. Adjacent plates 10,or facing portions thereof, may be activated to heat a section ofsmokeable material 5, which is located between the adjacent plates, fromsubstantially opposite sides of the section of smokeable material 5.

The elongate smokeable material cartridge or body 11 can be installedbetween, and removed from, the heating chamber 4 and heating plates 10by removing a section of the housing 7 at the housing's second end 9, aspreviously described. The heating regions 10 can be individually andselectively activated to heat different sections of the smokeablematerial 5 as required.

In this way, when a particular one or pair of the heating regions 10 isactivated, it supplies thermal energy to the smokeable material 5located directly adjacent to the heating region(s) 10 withoutsubstantially heating the remainder of the smokeable material 5. Theheated section of smokeable material 5 may comprise a radial section ofsmokeable material 5 located between the heating regions 10, as shown inFIGS. 7 to 9.

The apparatus 1 may comprise a controller 12, such as a microcontroller12, which is configured to control operation of the apparatus 1. Thecontroller 12 is electronically connected to the other components of theapparatus 1 such as the energy source 2 and heater 3 so that it cancontrol their operation by sending and receiving signals. The controller12 is, in particular, configured to control activation of the heater 3to heat the smokeable material 5. For example, the controller 12 may beconfigured to activate the heater 3, which may comprise selectivelyactivating one or more heating regions 10, in response to a user drawingon the mouthpiece 6 of the apparatus 1. In this regard, the controller12 may be in communication with a puff sensor 13 via a suitablecommunicative coupling. The puff sensor 13 is configured to detect whena puff occurs at the mouthpiece 6 and, in response, is configured tosend a signal to the controller 12 indicative of the puff. An electronicsignal may be used. The controller 12 may respond to the signal from thepuff sensor 13 by activating the heater 3 and thereby heating thesmokeable material 5. The use of a puff sensor 13 to activate the heater3 is not, however, essential and other means for providing a stimulus toactivate the heater 3 can alternatively be used. The volatilizedcompounds released during heating can then be inhaled by the userthrough the mouthpiece 6. The controller 12 can be located at anysuitable position within the housing 7. An example position is betweenthe energy source 2 and the heater 3/heating chamber 4, as illustratedin FIG. 3.

If the heater 3 comprises two or more heating regions 10 as describedabove, the controller 12 may be configured to activate the heatingregions 10 in a predetermined order or pattern. For example, thecontroller 12 may be configured to activate the heating regions 10sequentially along or around the heating chamber 4. Each activation of aheating region 10 may be in response to detection of a puff by the puffsensor 13 or may be triggered in an alternative way, as describedfurther below.

Referring to FIG. 10, an example heating method may comprise a firststep S1 in which a first puff is detected followed by a second step S2in which a first section of smokeable material 5 is heated in responseto the first puff. In a third step S3, hermetically sealable inlet andoutlet valves 24 may be opened to allow air to be drawn through theheating chamber 4 and out of the apparatus 1 through the mouthpiece 6.In a fourth step, the valves 24 are closed. These valves 24 aredescribed in more detail below with respect to FIG. 20. In fifth S5,sixth S6, seventh S7 and eighth S8 steps, a second section of smokeablematerial 5 may be heated in response to a second puff, with acorresponding opening and closing of the heating chamber inlet andoutlet valves 24. In ninth S9, tenth S10, eleventh S11 and twelfth S12steps, a third section of the smokeable material 5 may be heated inresponse to a third puff with a corresponding opening and closing of theheating chamber inlet and outlet valves 24, and so on. Means other thana puff sensor 13 could alternatively be used. For example, a user of theapparatus 1 may actuate a control switch to indicate that he/she istaking a new puff. In this way, a fresh section of smokeable material 5may be heated to volatilize nicotine and aromatic compounds for each newpuff. The number of heating regions 10 and/or independently heatablesections of smokeable material 5 may correspond to the number of puffsfor which the cartridge 11 is intended to be used. Alternatively, eachindependently heatable smokeable material section 5 may be heated by itscorresponding heating region(s) 10 for a plurality of puffs such as two,three or four puffs, so that a fresh section of smokeable material 5 isheated only after a plurality of puffs have been taken whilst heatingthe previous smokeable material section.

Instead of activating each heating region 10 in response to anindividual puff, the heating regions 10 may alternatively be activatedsequentially, one after the other, in response to a single, initial puffat the mouthpiece 6. For example, the heating regions 10 may beactivated at regular, predetermined intervals over the expectedinhalation period for a particular smokeable material cartridge 11. Theinhalation period may, for example, be between approximately one andapproximately four minutes. Therefore, at least the fifth and ninthsteps S5, S9 shown in FIG. 10 are optional. Each heating region 10 maybe activated for a predetermined period corresponding to the duration ofthe single or plurality of puffs for which the correspondingindependently heatable smokeable material section 5 is intended to beheated. Once all of the heating regions 10 have been activated for aparticular cartridge 11, the controller 12 may be configured to indicateto the user that the cartridge 11 should be changed. The controller 12may, for example, activate an indicator light at the external surface ofthe housing 7.

It will be appreciated that activating individual heating regions 10 inorder rather than activating the entire heater 3 means that the energyrequired to heat the smokeable material 5 is reduced over what would berequired if the heater 3 were activated fully over the entire inhalationperiod of a cartridge 11. Therefore, the maximum required power outputof the energy source 2 is also reduced. This means that a smaller andlighter energy source 2 can be installed in the apparatus 1.

The controller 12 may be configured to de-activate the heater 3, orreduce the power being supplied to the heater 3, in between puffs. Thissaves energy and extends the life of the energy source 2. For example,upon the apparatus 1 being switched on by a user or in response to someother stimulus, such as detection of a user placing their mouth againstthe mouthpiece 6, the controller 12 may be configured to cause theheater 3, or next heating region 10 to be used to heat the smokeablematerial 5, to be partially activated so that it heats up in preparationto volatilize components of the smokeable material 5. The partialactivation does not heat the smokeable material 5 to a sufficienttemperature to volatilize nicotine. A suitable temperature could bebelow 120° C., such as 100° C. or below. An example is a temperaturebetween 60° C. and 100° C., such as a temperature between 80° C. and100° C. The temperature may be less than 100° C. In response todetection of a puff by the puff sensor 13, the controller 12 can thencause the heater 3 or heating region 10 in question to heat thesmokeable material 5 further in order to rapidly volatilize the nicotineand other aromatic compounds for inhalation by the user. If thesmokeable material 5 comprises tobacco, a suitable temperature forvolatilizing the nicotine and other aromatic compounds may be 100° C. orabove, such as 120° C. or above. An example is a temperature between100° C. and 250° C., such as between 100° C. and 220° C., between 100°C. and 200° C., between 150° C. and 250° C. or between 130° C. and 180°C. The temperature may be more than 100° C. An example full activationtemperature is 150° C., although other values such as 250° C. are alsopossible. A super-capacitor can optionally be used to provide the peakcurrent used to heat the smokeable material 5 to the volatizationtemperature. An example of a suitable heating pattern is shown in FIG.12, in which the peaks may respectively represent the full activation ofdifferent heating regions 10. As can be seen, the smokeable material 5is maintained at the volatization temperature for the approximate periodof the puff which, in this example, is two seconds.

Three example operational modes of the heater 3 are described below.

In a first operational mode, during full activation of a particularheating region 10, all other heating regions 10 of the heater aredeactivated. Therefore, when a new heating region 10 is activated, theprevious heating region is deactivated. Power is supplied only to theactivated region 10.

Alternatively, in a second operational mode, during full activation of aparticular heating region 10, one or more of the other heating regions10 may be partially activated. Partial activation of the one or moreother heating regions 10 may comprise heating the other heatingregion(s) 10 to a temperature which is sufficient to substantiallyprevent condensation of components such as nicotine volatized from thesmokeable material 5 in the heating chamber 4. The temperature of theheating regions 10 which are partially activated is less than thetemperature of the heating region 10 which is fully activated. Thesmokeable material 10 located adjacent the partially activated regions10 is not heated to a temperature sufficient to volatize components ofthe smokeable material 5.

Alternatively, in a third operational mode, once a particular heatingregion 10 has been activated, it remains fully activated until theheater 3 is switched off. Therefore, the power supplied to the heater 3incrementally increases as more of the heating regions 10 are activatedduring inhalation from the cartridge 11. As with the second modepreviously described, the continuing activation of the heating regions10 substantially prevent condensation of components such as nicotinevolatized from the smokeable material 5 in the heating chamber 4.

The apparatus 1 may comprise a heat shield 3 a, which is located betweenthe heater 3 and the heating chamber 4/smokeable material 5. The heatshield 3 a is configured to substantially prevent thermal energy fromflowing through the heat shield 3 a and therefore can be used toselectively prevent the smokeable material 5 from being heated even whenthe heater 3 is activated and emitting thermal energy. Referring to FIG.19, the heat shield 3 a may, for example, comprise a cylindrical layerof heat reflective material which is located co-axially around theheater 3. Alternatively, if the heater 3 is located around the heatingchamber 4 and smokeable material 5 as previously described, the heatshield 3 a may comprise a cylindrical layer of heat reflective materialwhich is located co-axially around the heating chamber 4 and co-axiallyinside of the heater 3. The heat shield 3 a may additionally oralternatively comprise a heat-insulating layer configured to insulatethe heater 3 from the smokeable material 5. The heat shield 3 acomprises a substantially heat-transparent window 3 b which allowsthermal energy to propagate through the window 3 b and into the heatingchamber 4 and smokeable material 5. Therefore, the section of smokeablematerial 5 which is aligned with the window 3 b is heated whilst theremainder of the smokeable material 5 is not. The heat shield 3 a andwindow 3 b may be rotatable or otherwise movable with respect to thesmokeable material 5 so that different sections of the smokeablematerial 5 can be selectively and individually heated by rotating ormoving the heat shield 3 a and window 3 b. The effect is similar to theeffect provided by selectively and individually activating the heatingregions 10 referred to above. For example, the heat shield 3 a andwindow 3 b may be rotated or otherwise moved incrementally in responseto a signal from the puff detector 13. Additionally or alternatively,the heat shield 3 a and window 3 b may be rotated or otherwise movedincrementally in response to a predetermined heating period havingelapsed. Movement or rotation of the heat shield 3 a and window 3 b maybe controlled by electronic signals from the controller 12. The relativerotation or other movement of the heat shield 3 a/window 3 b andsmokeable material 5 may be driven by a stepper motor 3 c under thecontrol of the controller 12. This is illustrated in FIG. 19.Alternatively, the heat shield 3 a and window 3 b may be manuallyrotated using a user control such as an actuator on the housing 7. Theheat shield 3 a does not need to be cylindrical and may compriseoptionally comprise one or more suitably positioned longitudinallyextending elements and or/plates.

It will be appreciated that a similar result can be obtained by rotatingor moving the smokeable material 5 relative to the heater 3, heat shield3 a and window 3 b. For example, the heating chamber 4 may be rotatablearound the heater 3. If this is the case, the above description relatingto movement of the heat shield 3 a can be applied instead to movement ofthe heating chamber 4 relative to the heat shield 3 a.

The heat shield 3 a may comprise a coating on the longitudinal surfaceof the heater 3. In this case, an area of the heater's surface is leftuncoated to form the heat-transparent window 3 b. The heater 3 can berotated or otherwise moved, for example under the control of thecontroller 12 or user controls, to cause different sections of thesmokeable material 5 to be heated. Alternatively, the heat shield 3 aand window 3 b may comprise a separate shield 3 a which is rotatable orotherwise movable relative to both the heater 3 and the smokeablematerial 5 under the control of the controller 12 or other usercontrols.

Referring to FIG. 6, the apparatus 1 may comprise air inlets 14 whichallow external air to be drawn into the housing 7 and through the heatedsmokeable material 5 during puffing. The air inlets 14 may compriseapertures 14 in the housing 7 and may be located upstream from thesmokeable material 5 and heating chamber 4 towards the first end 8 ofthe housing 7. This is shown in FIG. 1. Another example is shown in FIG.11. Air drawn in through the inlets 14 travels through the heatedsmokeable material 5 and therein is enriched with smokeable materialvapors, such as aroma vapors, before being inhaled by the user at themouthpiece 6. Optionally, as shown in FIG. 11, the apparatus 1 maycomprise a heat exchanger 15 configured to warm the air before it entersthe smokeable material 5 and/or to cool the air before it is drawnthrough the mouthpiece 6. For example, the heat exchanger 15 may beconfigured to use heat extracted from the air entering the mouthpiece 6to warm new air before it enters the smokeable material 5.

The apparatus 1 may comprise a smokeable material compressor 16configured to cause the smokeable material 5 to compress upon activationof the compressor 16. The apparatus 1 can also comprise a smokeablematerial expander 17 configured to cause the smokeable material 5 toexpand upon activation of the expander 17. The compressor 16 andexpander 17 may, in practice, be implemented as the same unit as will beexplained below. The smokeable material compressor 16 and expander 17may optionally operate under the control of the controller 12. In thiscase, the controller 12 is configured to send a signal, such as anelectrical signal, to the compressor 16 or expander 17 which causes thecompressor 16 or expander 17 to respectively compress or expand thesmokeable material 5. Alternatively, the compressor 16 and expander 17may be actuated by a user of the apparatus 1 using a manual control onthe housing 7 to compress or expand the smokeable material 5 asrequired.

The compressor 16 is principally configured to compress the smokeablematerial 5 and thereby increase its density during heating. Compressionof the smokeable material increases the thermal conductivity of the bodyof smokeable material 5 and therefore provides a more rapid heating andconsequent rapid volatization of nicotine and other aromatic compounds.This is preferable because it allows the nicotine and aromatics to beinhaled by the user without substantial delay in response to detectionof a puff. Therefore, the controller 12 may activate the compressor 16to compress the smokeable material 5 for predetermined heating period,for example one second, in response to detection of a puff. Thecompressor 16 may be configured to reduce its compression of thesmokeable material 5, for example under the control of the controller12, after the predetermined heating period. Alternatively, thecompression may be reduced or automatically ended in response to thesmokeable material 5 reaching a predetermined threshold temperature. Asuitable threshold temperature may be in the range of approximately 100°C. to 250° C., such as between 100° C. and 220° C., between 150° C. and250° C., between 100° C. and 200° C. or between 130° C. and 180° C. Thethreshold temperature may be above 100° C., such as a value above 120°C., and may be user selectable. A temperature sensor may be used todetect the temperature of the smokeable material 5.

The expander 17 is principally configured to expand the smokeablematerial 5 and thereby decrease its density during puffing. Thearrangement of smokeable material 5 in the heating chamber 4 becomeslooser when the smokeable material 5 has been expanded and this aids thegaseous flow, for example air from the inlets 14, through the smokeablematerial 5. The air is therefore more able to carry the volatilizednicotine and aromatics to the mouthpiece 6 for inhalation. Thecontroller 12 may activate the expander 17 to expand the smokeablematerial 5 immediately following the compression period referred toabove so that air can be drawn more freely through the smokeablematerial 5. Actuation of the expander 17 may be accompanied by auser-audible sound or other indication to indicate to the user that thesmokeable material 5 has been heated and that puffing can commence.

Referring to FIGS. 13 and 14, the compressor 16 and expander 17 maycomprise a spring-actuated driving rod which is configured to compressthe smokeable material 5 in the heating chamber 4 when the spring isreleased from compression. This is schematically illustrated in FIGS. 13and 14, although it will be appreciated that other implementations couldbe used. For example, the compressor 16 may comprise a ring, having athickness approximately equal to the tubular-shaped heating chamber 4described above, which is driven by a spring or other means into theheating chamber 4 to compress the smokeable material 5. Alternatively,the compressor 16 may be comprised as part of the heater 3 so that theheater 3 itself is configured to compress and expand the smokeablematerial 5 under the control of the controller 12. For example, wherethe heater 3 comprises upstanding heating plates 10 of the typepreviously described, the plates 10 may be independently movable in alongitudinal direction of the heater 3 to expand or compress thesections of smokeable material 5 which are located adjacent to them. Amethod of compressing and expanding the smokeable material 5 is shown inFIG. 15.

Thermal insulation 18 may be provided between the smokeable material 5and an external surface 19 of the housing 7 to reduce heat loss from theapparatus 1 and therefore improve the efficiency with which thesmokeable material 5 is heated. For example, referring to FIG. 1, a wallof the housing 7 may comprise a layer of insulation 18 which extendsaround the outside of the heating chamber 4. The insulation layer 18 maycomprise a substantially tubular length of insulation 18 locatedco-axially around the heating chamber 4 and smokeable material 5. Thisis shown in FIG. 1. It will be appreciated that the insulation 18 couldalso be comprised as part of the smokeable material cartridge 11, inwhich it would be located co-axially around the outside of the smokeablematerial 5.

Referring to FIG. 16, the insulation 18 may comprise vacuum insulation18. For example, the insulation 18 may comprise a layer which is boundedby a wall material 19 such as a metallic material. An internal region orcore 20 of the insulation 18 may comprise an open-cell porous material,for example comprising polymers, aerogels or other suitable material,which is evacuated to a low pressure. The pressure in the internalregion 20 may be in the range of 0.1 to 0.001 mbar. The wall 19 of theinsulation 18 is sufficiently strong to withstand the force exertedagainst it due to the pressure differential between the core 20 andexternal surfaces of the wall 19, thereby preventing the insulation 18from collapsing. The wall 19 may, for example, comprise a stainlesssteel wall 19 having a thickness of approximately 100 μm. The thermalconductivity of the insulation 18 may be in the range of 0.004 to 0.005W/mK. The heat transfer coefficient of the insulation 18 may be betweenapproximately 1.10 W/(m²K) and approximately 1.40 W/(m²K) within atemperature range of between 100° C. and 250° C., such as betweenapproximately 150 degrees Celsius and approximately 250 degrees Celsius.The gaseous conductivity of the insulation 18 is negligible. Areflective coating may be applied to the internal surfaces of the wallmaterial 19 to minimize heat losses due to radiation propagating throughthe insulation 18. The coating may, for example, comprise an aluminum IRreflective coating having a thickness of between approximately 0.3 μmand 1.0 μm. The evacuated state of the internal core region 20 meansthat the insulation 18 functions even when the thickness of the coreregion 20 is very small. The insulating properties are substantiallyunaffected by its thickness. This helps to reduce the overall size ofthe apparatus 1.

As shown in FIG. 16, the wall 19 may comprise an inwardly-facing section21 and an outwardly-facing section 22. The inwardly-facing section 21substantially faces the smokeable material 5 and heating chamber 4. Theoutwardly-facing section 22 substantially faces the exterior of thehousing 7. During operation of the apparatus 1, the inwardly-facingsection 21 may be warmer due to the thermal energy originating from theheater 3, whilst the outwardly-facing section 22 is cooler due to theeffect of the insulation 18. The inwardly-facing section 21 and theoutwardly-facing section 22 may, for example, comprise substantiallyparallel longitudinally-extending walls 19 which are at least as long asthe heater 3. The internal surface of the outwardly-facing wall section22, i.e. the surface facing the evacuated core region 20, may comprise acoating for absorbing gas in the core 20. A suitable coating is atitanium oxide film.

Referring to the schematic illustration in FIG. 17, a thermal bridge 23may connect the inwardly-facing wall section 21 to the outwardly-facingwall section 22 at the edges of the insulation 18 in order to completelyencompass and contain the low pressure core 20. The thermal bridge 23may comprise a wall 19 formed of the same material as the inwardly andoutwardly-facing sections 21, 22. A suitable material is stainlesssteel, as previously discussed. The thermal bridge 23 has a greaterthermal conductivity than the insulating core 20 and therefore mayundesirably conduct heat out of the apparatus 1 and, in doing so, reducethe efficiency with which the smokeable material 5 is heated.

To reduce heat losses due to the thermal bridge 23, the thermal bridge23 may be extended to increase its resistance to heat flow from theinwardly-facing section 21 to the outwardly-facing section 22. This isschematically illustrated in FIG. 18. For example, the thermal bridge 23may follow an indirect path between the inwardly-facing section 21 ofwall 19 and the outwardly-facing section 22 of wall 19. This may befacilitated by providing the insulation 18 over a longitudinal distancewhich is longer than the lengths of the heater 3, heating chamber 4 andsmokeable material 5 so that the thermal bridge 23 can gradually extendfrom the inwardly-facing section 21 to the outwardly-facing section 22along the indirect path, thereby reducing the thickness of the core 20to zero, at a longitudinal location in the housing 7 where the heater 3,heating chamber 4 and smokeable material 5 are not present.

Referring to FIG. 20, as previously discussed, the heating chamber 4insulated by the insulation 18 may comprise inlet and outlet valves 24which hermetically seal the heating chamber 4 when closed. The valves 24can thereby prevent air from undesirably entering and exiting thechamber 4 and can prevent smokeable material flavors from exiting thechamber 4. The inlet and outlet values 24 may, for example, be providedin the insulation 18. For example, between puffs, the valves 24 may beclosed by the controller 12 so that all volatilized substances remaincontained inside the chamber 4 in-between puffs. The partial pressure ofthe volatized substances between puffs reaches the saturated vaporpressure and the amount of evaporated substances therefore depends onlyon the temperature in the heating chamber 4. This helps to ensure thatthe delivery of volatilized nicotine and aromatic compounds remainsconstant from puff to puff. During puffing, the controller 12 isconfigured to open the valves 24 so that air can flow through thechamber 4 to carry volatilized smokeable material components to themouthpiece 6. A membrane can be located in the valves 24 to ensure thatno oxygen enters the chamber 4. The valves 24 may be breath-actuated sothat the valves 24 open in response to detection of a puff at themouthpiece 6. The valves 24 may close in response to a detection that apuff has ended. Alternatively, the valves 24 may close following theelapse of a predetermined period after their opening. The predeterminedperiod may be timed by the controller 12. Optionally, a mechanical orother suitable opening/closing means may be present so that the valves24 open and close automatically. For example, the gaseous movementcaused by a user puffing on the mouthpiece 6 may be used to open andclose the valves 24. Therefore, the use of the controller 12 is notnecessarily required to actuate the valves 24.

The mass of the smokeable material 5 which is heated by the heater 3,for example by each heating region 10, may be in the range of 0.2 to 1.0g. The temperature to which the smokeable material 5 is heated may beuser controllable, for example to any temperature within the temperaturerange of 100° C. to 250° C., such as any temperature within the range of150° C. to 250° C. and the other volatizing temperature rangespreviously described. The mass of the apparatus 1 as a whole may be inthe range of 70 to 125 g. A battery 2 with a capacity of 1000 to 3000mAh and voltage of 3.7V can be used. The heating regions 10 may beconfigured to individually and selectively heat between approximately 10and 40 sections of smokeable material 5 for a single cartridge 11.

It will be appreciated that any of the alternatives described above canbe used singly or in combination. For example, as discussed above, theheater 3 may be located around the outside of the smokeable material 5rather than the smokeable material 5 being located around the heater 3.The heater 3 may therefore circumscribe the smokeable material 5 toapply heat to the smokeable material 5 in a substantially radiallyinward direction.

1-20. (canceled)
 21. An apparatus comprising: a smokable materialheating chamber; and a smokable material, wherein the smokable materialis comprised in a cartridge comprising a smokable material tube receivedwithin the smokable material heating chamber, the smokable material tubearranged around a smokable material heater so that smokable material islocated outwardly of a longitudinal external surface of the heater,wherein the smokable material heater comprises a plurality ofaxially-aligned heating regions arranged in a substantially elongatearrangement along a longitudinal axis of the smokable material heaterand adjacent to smokable material, and wherein the length of thecartridge is approximately equal to the length of the heater so that theheater can heat the cartridge along its whole length.
 22. The apparatusaccording to claim 21, further comprising a microcontroller configuredto control activation of the heater to heat the smokable material,wherein the microcontroller is communicatively coupled to a puff sensor.23. The apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the heating regions areoperable independently of one another so that different regions can beactivated at different times to heat the smokable material.
 24. Theapparatus according to claim 21, wherein thermal insulation is presentbetween adjacent heating regions.
 25. The apparatus according to claim21, wherein the heating regions comprise solid disks and/or wherein theheating regions comprise hollow rings.
 26. The apparatus according toclaim 21, comprising a housing, wherein the housing of the apparatuscomprises an opening through which the cartridge can be inserted intothe heating chamber, wherein the cartridge can be slid into the openingand pushed directly into the heating chamber.
 27. The apparatusaccording to claim 26, wherein the diameter of the housing is less than18 mm.
 28. The apparatus according to claim 26, comprising an energysource, and wherein the housing comprises an approximately cylindricaltube with the energy source located towards its first end (8), with thesmokable material, the heater and heating chamber located towards itsopposite, second end.
 29. The apparatus according to claim 26, whereinthe apparatus comprises air inlets (14) which allow external air to bedrawn into the housing and through the heated smokable material duringpuffing.
 30. The apparatus according to claim 21, wherein a mouthpieceis provided through which a user of the apparatus can inhale volatisedcompounds during use of the apparatus.
 31. The apparatus according toclaim 21, wherein the smokable material heater is configured to heat afirst region of the smokable material to a first temperature sufficientto volatize a component of the smokable material and to concurrentlyheat a second region of the smokable material to a temperature lowerthan said first temperature but which is sufficient to preventcondensation of the volatized component of the smokable material. 32.The apparatus according to claim 31, wherein the volatizing temperatureis 100 degrees Celsius or higher, or 120 degrees Celsius or higher, orbetween 150 degrees Celsius and 250 degrees Celsius.
 33. The apparatusaccording to claim 31, wherein the lower temperature is less than 120degrees Celsius, or less than 100 degrees Celsius.
 34. The apparatusaccording to claim 31, wherein the smokable material includes one ormore of tobacco, tobacco derivatives, expanded tobacco, reconstitutedtobacco or tobacco substitutes.
 35. The apparatus according to claim 31,wherein the heater is arranged to heat the smokable material to volatisearomatic compounds and nicotine in the smokable material, withoutburning the smokable material.
 36. An apparatus comprising: a smokablematerial heater; a smokable material heating chamber configured toreceive smokable material so that the smokable material can be heated inthe heating chamber; and a smokable material, wherein the smokablematerial is comprised in a cartridge inserted into the heating chamber,wherein the cartridge comprises a smokable material tube arranged aroundthe heater so that the internal surface of the smokable material tubefaces the longitudinal surface of the heater, and wherein the smokablematerial heater comprises a plurality of axially-aligned heating regionsarranged in a substantially elongate arrangement along a longitudinalaxis of the smokable material heater and adjacent to smokable material,wherein the heating regions comprise solid disks, and wherein the lengthof the cartridge is approximately equal to the length of the heater sothat the heater can heat the cartridge along its whole length.
 37. Theapparatus according to claim 36, further comprising a microcontrollerconfigured to control activation of the heater to heat the smokablematerial, wherein the microcontroller is communicatively coupled to apuff sensor.
 38. The apparatus according to claim 36, wherein theheating regions are operable independently of one another so thatdifferent regions can be activated at different times to heat thesmokable material.
 39. The apparatus according to claim 36, whereinthermal insulation is present between adjacent heating regions.
 40. Theapparatus according to claim 36, comprising a housing, wherein thehousing of the apparatus comprises an opening through which thecartridge can be inserted into the heating chamber, wherein thecartridge can be slid into the opening and pushed directly into theheating chamber.